Understanding the Drivers of College Students' Attitudes  and Intentions Towards Online Shopping in China

Yi Mao

Authors

Yi Mao

Keywords:

Online Shopping, Attitude, Purchase Intention, College Students, China

Abstract

Purpose: This study aims to explore the factors that influence the purchase intention of online shopping among college students in Zhanjiang, China. The conceptual framework comprises subjective norm, trust in online shopping, convenience of online shopping, customer service offered by online shopping, value motive, attitude, and purchase intentions. Research design, data, and methodology: The sample data was collected using a quantitative method and a questionnaire as a tool. Before distribution, the questionnaire’s content validity and reliability were tested using Item-Objective Congruence and a pilot test. The data was then analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling to validate the model’s goodness of fit and confirm the causal relationship among variables for hypothesis testing. Results: The conceptual model effectively predicted purchase intention (PI) for online shopping among college students. Two key prerequisites for BI are attitude and value motive. Conclusions: ATT was the strongest predictor of PI to use both directly and indirectly, which ATT was driven significantly by subjective norm, trust in online shopping, the convenience of online shopping (COS), and customer service offered by online shopping (CSOS). Therefore, this study suggests that online purchasing platforms and merchants should improve the attitudinal factor of purchase intention so that students will find the system useful and develop a good attitude and purchase intention towards online shopping.

Author Biography

Yi Mao

Graduate School of Business and Advanced Technology Management, Assumption University, Thailand.

References

Acheampong, P., Zhiwen, L., Abubakar, R., Antwi, H. A., & Akomeah, M. O. (2016). Stimulants of Online Shopping Behaviour among Chinese Millenials in China. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(5), 331-349. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v6-i5/2152

AcNielsen. (2007, January 30). Seek and You Shall Buy. Entertainment and Travel. http://www2.acnielsen.com/news/20051019.shtml.

Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1972). Attitudes and normative beliefs as factors influencing behavioral intentions. Journal of personality and social psychology, 21(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031930

Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal-directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of experimental social psychology, 22(5), 453-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1031(86)90045-4

Al-Debei, M. M., Akroush, M. N., & Ashouri, M. I. (2015). Consumer attitudes towards online shopping: The effects of trust, perceived benefits, and perceived web quality. Internet Research, 25(5), 707-733. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-05-2014-0146

Anesbury, Z., Nenycz‐Thiel, M., Dawes, J., & Kennedy, R. (2016). How do shoppers behave online? An observational study of online grocery shopping. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 15(3), 261-270. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1566

Anoraga, P. (2000). Manajemen Bisnis, cet (1st ed.). Rineka Cipta.

Basha, M. B., & Lal, D. (2019). Indian consumers' attitudes towards purchasing organically produced foods: An empirical study. Journal of cleaner production, 215, 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.098

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238-246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238

Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Budur, T. (2018). Analytic hierarchy process to evaluate corporate image, trust, and switching cost of GSM operators: A case of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 5(2), 241-250.

Burnette, J. L., & Williams, L. J. (2005). Structural equation modeling (SEM): An introduction to basic techniques and advanced issues (1st ed.). Research in organizations: Foundations and methods of inquiry.

Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Cai, S., Long, X., Li, L., Liang, H., Wang, Q., & Ding, X. (2019). Determinants of intention and behavior of low carbon commuting through bicycle-sharing in China. Journal of cleaner production, 212(3), 602-609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.072

Celik, H. (2016). Customer online shopping anxiety within the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use Technology (UTAUT) framework. Asia Pacific journal of Marketing and logistics, 28(2), 278-307. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2015-0077

Chang, M. K. (1998). Predicting unethical behavior: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of business ethics, 17(16), 1825-1834. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3_21

Charag, A. H., Fazili, A. I., & Bashir, I. (2019). Determinants of consumer’s readiness to adopt Islamic banking in Kashmir. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(5), 1125-1154. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-10-2018-0182

Chen, L., Razani, F. Z., Roosmalati, M., & Eusy, W. Y. (2017). Attitudes Toward Online Shopping in Asian Emerging Markets: A Comparison on The Younger Generations in China and Indonesia. Journal of China Marketing, 6(2), 1-24.

Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., & Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e‐commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value, and perceived risk. Information systems journal, 24(1), 85-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2575.2012.00407.x

Cho, Y. C., & Sagynov, E. (2015). Exploring factors that affect usefulness, ease of use, trust, and purchase intention in the online environment. International journal of management & information systems, 19(1), 21-36.

https://doi.org/10.19030/ijmis.v19i1.9086

Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J., & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: a functional approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(6), 1516.

https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516

Clemens, M. D., Gan, C., & Zhang, J. (2014). An empirical analysis of online shopping adoption in Beijing, China. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.08.003

Cramer-Flood, E. (2020, December 23). Global ecommerce 2020. https://www.emarketer.com/content/china-ecommerce-2020

Dharmesti, M., Dharmesti, T. R. S., Kuhne, S., & Thaichon, P. (2021). Understanding online shopping behaviors and purchase intentions amongst millennials. Young Consumers, 22(1), 152-167. https://doi.org/10.1108/yc-12-2018-0922

Doody, A. F., & Davidson, W. R. (1967). Next Revolution in Retailing. Havard Business Review, 45, 4-16.

Duarte, P., e Silva, S. C., & Ferreira, M. B. (2018). How convenient is it? Delivering online shopping convenience to enhance customer satisfaction and encourage e-WOM. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 44, 161-169.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.06.007

E-commerce Agency. (2020, October 22). Pinduoduo: The Second Largest E-commerce Platform in China 2020. https://ecommercechinaagency.com/pinduoduo-the-secondlargest-e-commerce-platform-in-china-2020/

ET Bureau. (2018). What to expect from ecommerce in emerging markets by 2022.

https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/what-to-expect-from-ecommercein-emerging-markets-by-2022/articleshow/66101479.cms?from5mdr

Farhana, N., Khan, T., & Noor, S. (2017). Factors Affectiang the Attitude toward Online Shopping: An Empirical Study on Urban Youth in Bangladesh. Australian Academy of Business and Economics Review, 3(4), 224-234.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Garg, P., & Joshi, R. (2018). Purchase intention of “Halal” brands in India: the mediating effect of attitude. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(3), 683-694. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-11-2017-0125

Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling: Procedures and practice. Journal of Marketing, 52(1), 15-24.

https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298805200103

Gill, J., Johnson, P., & Clark, M. (2010). Research Methods for Managers (1st ed.). SAGE Publications

Giovanis, A. N., & Athanasopoulou, P. (2014). Gaining customer loyalty in the e-tailing marketplace: the role of e-service quality, e-satisfaction, and e-trust. International Journal of Technology Marketing, 9(3), 288-304.

https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtmkt.2014.063857

Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L., & Biddle, S. J. (2002). A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: Predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(1), 3-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.1.3

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.

Hair, J. F., Arthur, M. H., Samouel, P., & Page, M. (2007). Research Methods for Business (6th ed.). John Wiley and Sons.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson Education International.

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results, and higher acceptance. Long range planning, 46(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001

Haque, A., Sadeghzadeh, J., & Khatibi, A. (2006). Identifying potentiality online sales in Malaysia: A study on customer relationships online shopping. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 22(4), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i4.1420

Hill, W. W., Beatty, S. E., & Walsh, G. (2013). A segmentation of adolescent online users and shoppers. Journal of Services Marketing, 27(5), 347-360. https://doi.org/10.1108/jsm-10-2011-0157

Hongfei, Y. (2017). National report on e-commerce development in China (1st ed.). Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development Working Paper Series WP17.

Hoyle, R. H. (2011). Structural equation modeling for social and personality psychology. Sage, 1(2), 1-120.

Hwang, C., & Kim, T. H. (2021). Muslim women’s purchasing behaviors toward modest activewear in the United States. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 39(3), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302x20926573

Janakiraman, N., Syrdal, H. A., & Freling, R. (2016). The effect of return policy leniency on consumer purchase and return decisions: A meta-analytic review. Journal of retailing, 92(2), 226-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2015.11.002

Joshi, Y., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Factors affecting green purchase behaviour and future research directions. International Strategic management review, 3(1-2), 128-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ism.2015.04.001

Judge, M., Warren-Myers, G., & Paladino, A. (2019). Using the theory of planned behaviour to predict intentions to purchase sustainable housing. Journal of cleaner production, 215, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.029

Kamakura, W. A., & Novak, T. P. (1992). Value-system segmentation: Exploring the meaning of LOV. Journal of consumer research, 19(1), 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1086/209291

Kaur, G., & Quareshi, T. K. (2015). Factors obstructing intentions to trust and purchase products online. Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics, 27(5), 758-783. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-10-2014-0146

Killingsworth, B. L., Xue, Y., & Liu, Y. (2016). Factors influencing knowledge sharing among global virtual teams. Team Performance Management, 22(5/6), 284-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/tpm-10-2015-0042

Koch, B. (2020, May 14). International Market Overview & Forecast. https://www.billentis.com/einvoicing_ebilling_market_overview_2020.pdf

Korgaonkar, P., Petrescu, M., & Becerra, E. (2014). Shopping orientations and patronage preferences for internet auctions. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 42(5), 352-368. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-03-2012-0022

Laroche, M., Kim, C., & Zhou, L. (1996). Brand familiarity and confidence as determinants of purchase intention: An empirical test in a multiple brand context. Journal of business Research, 37(2), 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(96)00056-2

Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2016). Generation X vs. Generation Y-A decade of online shopping. Journal of retailing and consumer services, 31, 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.04.015

Lo, L. Y. S., Lin, S. W., & Hsu, L. Y. (2016). Motivation for online impulse buying: A two-factor theory perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 759-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.04.012

Lutz, R. J. (1991). The role of attitude theory in marketing. In Kassarijian H. H. & Robertson T. S. (Eds.), Perspectives in Consumer Behavior (4th ed.). Scott Foresman.

Madden, T. J., Ellen, P. S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and social psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292181001

Mbumbwa, T. R., & Chigada, J. (2018). Analysis of factors influencing black South African millennials when considering African Ankara fabric fashion. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 30(4), 559-576.

https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2017-0168

McCabe, J. (2021, June 23). How will COVID-19 change the consumer?. Accenture.

https://www.accenture.com/_acnmedia/PDF-149/Accenture-How-Will-COVID-19-Change-The-Consumer.pdf

Meyer, S. (2020, August 24). Understanding the Covid-19 effect on online shopping behaviors.

https://www.bigcommerce.com/blog/Covid-19-ecommerce/#conclusion

Minnema, A., Bijmolt, T. H., Petersen, J. A., & Shulman, J. D. (2018). Managing product returns within the customer value framework. In Palmatier, R., Kumar, V. & Harmeling, C. (Eds.), Customer Engagement Marketing (pp. 95-118). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

Montano, D. E., & Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K. & Viswanath, K. V. (Eds.). Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice (pp. 95-124). Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.

Morganti, E., Dablanc, L., & Fortin, F. (2014). Final deliveries for online shopping: The deployment of pickup point networks in urban and suburban areas. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 11, 23-31.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2014.03.002

Morwitz, V. G., & Schmittlein, D. (1992). Using segmentation to improve sales forecasts based on purchase intent: Which “intenders” actually buy?. Journal of marketing research, 29(4), 391-405. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379202900401

Motaword. (2022, July 12). E-commerce market in China. https://www.motaword.com/blog/ecommerce-market-in-china

Nia, A., & Lynne Zaichkowsky, J. (2000). Do counterfeits devalue the ownership of luxury brands?. Journal of product & brand management, 9(7), 485-497. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420010351402

Nurhayati, E. (2021, April 11). The Effect of the Implementation of E-Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic at PT (1st ed.). Shopee International Indonesia

Oghazi, P., Karlsson, S., Hellström, D., & Hjort, K. (2018). Online purchase return policy leniency and purchase decision: Mediating role of consumer trust. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 41, 190-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.12.007

Oliveira, P., Roth, A. V., & Gilland, W. (2002). Achieving competitive capabilities in e-services. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 69(7), 721-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(01)00188-3

O’Rourke, N., & Hatcher, L. (2013). A step-by-step approach to using SAS for factor analysis and structural equation modeling (1st ed.). SAS Institute.

Parks, L., & Guay, R. P. (2009). Personality, values, and motivation. Personality and individual differences, 47(7), 675-684.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.002

Pedroso, R., Zanetello, L., Guimaraes, L., Pettenon, M., Goncalves, V., Scherer, J., Kessler, F., & Pechansky, F. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the crack use relapse scale (CURS). Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 43(3), 37-40. https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-60830000000081

Pei, Z., Paswan, A., & Yan, R. (2014). E-tailer׳ s return policy, consumer׳ s perception of return policy fairness and purchase intention. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(3), 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2014.01.004

Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194-198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030767

Phau, I., & Teah, M. (2009). Devil wears (counterfeit) Prada: a study of antecedents and outcomes of attitudes towards counterfeits of luxury brands. Journal of consumer marketing, 26(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760910927019

Raman, P. (2019). Understanding female consumers’ intention to shop online: The role of trust, convenience, and customer service. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(4), 1138-1160. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjml-10-2018-0396

Rashid, C. A., Salih, H. A., & Budur, T. (2020). The Role of Online Teaching Tools on the Perception of the Students during the Lockdown of Covid-19. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 7(3), 178-190.

Rossiter, J. L., & Percy, L. (1998). Advertising communications and promotion management (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Seckler, M., Heinz, S., Forde, S., Tuch, A. N., & Opwis, K. (2015). Trust and distrust on the web: User experiences and website characteristics. Computers in human behavior, 45, 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.064

Shah, K. U., Arjoon, S., & Rambocas, M. (2016). Aligning corporate social responsibility with green economy development pathways in developing countries. Sustainable Development, 24(4), 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1625

Sharma, G. P., Verma, R. C., & Pathare, P. (2005). Mathematical modeling of infrared radiation thin layer drying of onion slices. Journal of Food Engineering, 71(3), 282-286.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.02.010

Shimp, T. A., & Kavas, A. (1984). The theory of reasoned action applied to coupon usage. Journal of consumer research, 11(3), 795-809. https://doi.org/10.1086/209015

Shukla, P. (2012). The influence of value perceptions on luxury purchase intentions in developed and emerging markets. International Marketing Review, 29(6), 574-596. https://doi.org/10.1108/02651331211277955

Sica, C., & Ghisi, M. (2007). The Italian versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II: Psychometric properties and discriminant power. In M.A. Lange (Ed.), Leading - Edge psychological tests and testing research (pp. 27-50). Nova.

Sinha, P., & Singh, S. (2014). Product Characteristics vis-à-vis Consumers' Risk Perception: A Conceptual Study of Online Shopping. IUP Journal of Marketing Management, 13(2), 40.

Siswomihardjo, S. W., Sudiyanti, S., & Sutikno, B. (2019). Testing the robustness of theory of planned behavior in predicting women’s intention to wear jilbab. Jurnal Kawistara, 8(3), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.22146/kawistara.37830

Slabinac, M. (2015). Innovative solutions for a “Last-Mile” delivery-a European experience (1st ed.). Business Logistics in Modern Management.

Slade, E. L., Dwivedi, Y. K., Piercy, N. C., & Williams, M. D. (2015). Modeling consumers’ adoption intentions of remote mobile payments in the United Kingdom: extending UTAUT with innovativeness, risk, and trust. Psychology & marketing, 32(8), 860-873. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20823

Soper, D. (2006). Calculator: A-priori Sample Size for Structural Equation Models. Daniel Soper. https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc/calculator.aspx?id=89

Sumarliah, E., Khan, S. U., & Khan, I. U. (2021). Online hijab purchase intention: the influence of the Coronavirus outbreak. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(3), 598-621. https://doi.org/10.1108/jima-09-2020-0302

Tandon, U., Kiran, R., & Sah, A. N. (2016). Customer satisfaction using website functionality, perceived usability, and perceived usefulness towards online shopping in India. Information development, 32(5), 1657-1673.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0266666915621106

Tao, C.-R., & Wang, S.-W. (2020). Investigation and Study on Students' Online Shopping Consumption under the Background of Big Data. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1616(1), 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1616/1/012009

Tarkiainen, A., & Sundqvist, S. (2005). Subjective norms, attitudes, and intentions of Finnish consumers in buying organic food. British food journal, 107(11), 808-822. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070700510629760

Thaichon, P., & Quach, T. N. (2015). The relationship between service quality, satisfaction, trust, value, commitment, and loyalty of Internet service providers' customers. Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science, 25(4), 295-313.

https://doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2015.1073419

Tingchi Liu, M., Chu, R., Wong, I. A., Angel Zúñiga, M., Meng, Y., & Pang, C. (2012). Exploring the relationship among affective loyalty, perceived benefits, attitude, and intention to use co‐branded products. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 24(4), 561-582. https://doi.org/10.1108/13555851211259025

Vallerand, R. J., Deshaies, P., Cuerrier, J. P., Pelletier, L. G., & Mongeau, C. (1992). Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action as applied to moral behavior: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of personality and social psychology, 62(1), 98-109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.98

Venkatesh, V., Chan, F. K., & Thong, J. Y. (2012). Designing e-government services: Key service attributes and citizens’ preference structures. Journal of operations management, 30(1-2), 116-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2011.10.001

Vigneron, F., & Johnson, L. W. (1999). A review and a conceptual framework of prestige-seeking consumer behavior. Academy of marketing science review, 1(1), 1-15.

Weltevreden, J. W. (2008). B2c e‐commerce logistics: the rise of collection‐and‐delivery points in The Netherlands. International journal of retail & distribution management, 36(8), 638-660. https://doi.org/10.1108/09590550810883487

Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing the adequacy of a model with structural equations. Sociological Methodology, 8, 91-126. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754

Williams, L. J., Edwards, J. R., & Vandenberg, R. J. (2003). Recent advances in causal modeling methods for organizational and management research. Journal of management, 29(6), 903-936.

Wu, J. H., & Wang, Y. M. (2006). Measuring KMS success: A respecification of the DeLone and McLean’s model. Information and Management, 43(6), 728-739. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2006.05.002

Xu, L., Li, Y., Govindan, K., & Xu, X. (2015). Consumer returns policies with endogenous deadline and supply chain coordination. European Journal of Operational Research, 242(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.09.049

Zhao, C., Zhang, M., & Wang, W. (2019). Exploring the influence of severe haze pollution on residents' intention to purchase energy-saving appliances. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1536-1543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.134

Zhu, Y. (2019, September). A Study of the Status & Countermeasure of Chinese College Students' Online Shopping. 2019 3rd International Conference on Education, Management Science and Economics (ICEMSE 2019), 438-441.