Driving Forces of Students' Learning Outcome of EFL Blended Learning in Sichuan, China
Main Article Content
Abstract
Purpose: The study investigates how students' learning outcomes in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) blended learning is affected by five independent variables: intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, teacher behavior, behavioral engagement, and the quality of the e-learning system. Data, methodology, and research design: The study adopted Cronbach's Alpha in a pilot test (n=30) for the reliability test and the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) for the validity test. Multiple linear regression analysis was applied to confirm the substantial link between variables in 80 valid replies from SUMC (Sichuan University of Media and Communications). After that, 30 students participated in the strategic plan process outlining the precise steps of a 14-week intervention plan. Comparisons were made about the current and expected situations through paired-sample t-tests. Results: The study's multiple linear regression analysis showed that each of the five independent variables strongly impacted students' learning outcomes. Paired-sample t-test results suggested a substantial difference in learning outcomes between the current and expected situations. Conclusions: By examining five influential elements in the setting of private institutions in Sichuan, China, this study shed insight on how to effectively improve students' blended learning outcomes in EFL education.
Downloads
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The submitting author warrants that the submission is original and that she/he is the author of the submission together with the named co-authors; to the extend the submission incorporates text passages, figures, data, or other material from the work of others, the submitting author has obtained any necessary permission.
Articles in this journal are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY What does this mean?). This is to get more legal certainty about what readers can do with published articles, and thus a wider dissemination and archiving, which in turn makes publishing with this journal more valuable for you, the authors.
References
Allan, J. (1996). Learning outcomes in higher education. Studies in higher education, 21(1), 93-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079612331381487
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American psychologist, 37(2), 122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122
Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Handbook I: cognitive domain (1st ed.). David McKay.
Cents-Boonstra, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Denessen, E., Aelterman, N., & Haerens, L. (2021). Fostering student engagement with motivating teaching: an observation study of teacher and student behaviors. Research Papers in Education, 36(6), 754-779. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2020.1767184
Cerasoli, C. P., Nicklin, J. M., & Ford, M. T. (2014). Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: a 40-year meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 140(4), 980-1008. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035661.
Dahleez, K. A., El-Saleh, A. A., Al Alawi, A. M., & Fattah, F. A. M. A. (2021). Student learning outcomes and online engagement in time of crisis: The role of e-learning system usability and teacher behavior. The International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 38(5), 473-492. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijilt-04-2021-0057
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 18(1), 105-115. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030644
Finn, J. D., & Rock, D. A. (1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure. Journal of applied psychology, 82(2), 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.82.2.221
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of educational research, 74(1), 59-109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
Haakma, I., Janssen, M., & Minnaert, A. (2017). Intervening to improve teachers' need-supportive behavior using Self-Determination Theory: its effects on teachers and on the motivation of students with deaf blindness. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 64(3), 310-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912x.2016.1213376
Hsieh, T. L. (2014). Motivation matters? The relationship among different types of learning motivation, engagement behaviors and learning outcomes of undergraduate students in Taiwan. Higher Education, 68, 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9720-6
Kamal, M. S., Razzak, S. A., & Hossain, M. M. (2016). Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)–A review. Atmospheric Environment, 140, 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.05.031
Khorrami-Arani, O. (2001). Researching computer self-efficacy. International Education Journal, 2(4), 17-25.
Klein, P. S., & Melton, D. A. (1996). A molecular mechanism for the effect of lithium on development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 93(16), 8455-8459. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.16.8455
Kuh, G. D. (2009). What student affairs professionals need to know about student engagement. Journal of college student development, 50(6), 683-706. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0099
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Oraif, I. M. K. (2018). An investigation into the impact of the flipped classroom on intrinsic motivation (IM) and learning outcomes on an EFL writing course at a university in Saudi Arabia based on self-determination theory (SDT) [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Leicester.
Otter, S. (1992). Learning Outcomes in Higher Education. A Development Project Report. London: Department for Education (1st ed.). Unit for the Development of Adult Continuing Education (UDACE).
Rui-Hsin, K., & Lin, C. T. (2018). The usage intention of e-learning for police education and training. Policing: an international journal, 41(1), 98-112. https://doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-10-2016-0157
Sedera, D., & Dey, S. (2013). User expertise in contemporary information systems: Conceptualization, measurement, and application. Information & Management, 50(8), 621-637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.07.004
Sun, J. C. Y., & Rueda, R. (2012). Situational interest, computer self‐efficacy and self‐regulation: Their impact on student engagement in distance education. British journal of educational technology, 43(2), 191-204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01157.x
Vansteenkiste, M., Lens, W., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Intrinsic versus extrinsic goal contents in self-determination theory: Another look at the quality of academic motivation. Educational psychologist, 41(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep4101_4
Womble, J. (2008). E-learning: the relationship among learner satisfaction, self-efficacy, and usefulness. The Business Review, 10(1), 182-188.
Yang, Q., Chen, Q., Wang, J., & Ou, R. (2022). The effect of student self-efficacy on learning outcomes in a business simulation mobile game: a quasi-experimental study. Library Hi Tech, 2(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-02-2022-0114.
Zulfiqar, S., Al-reshidi, H. A., Al Moteri, M. A., Feroz, H. M. B., Yahya, N., & Al-Rahmi, W. M. (2021). Understanding and predicting students’ entrepreneurial intention through business simulation games: A perspective of COVID-19. Sustainability, 13(4), 1838. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041838