Investigating Factors Influencing Athletes' Intention to Use Timing and Scoring Systems: A Case Study of the 2023 Track and Field League in Northern China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/shserj.2025.14Keywords:
Athletes, Scoring and timing system, Cognition, Satisfaction, Behavioral IntentionAbstract
Purpose: This study explores the factors influencing athletes’ satisfaction, and behavioral intention to use the timing and scoring system in 2023 Athletics Association Traditional Sports Programme School Athletics League (North Zone) in China. The seven variables were positive environmental impact, player performance, refereeing, e-service quality, satisfaction, security and behavioral intention. Research design, data, and methodology: Questionnaire was distributed to 500 athletes participating in the China 2023 Athletics Association Traditional Sports Programme School Athletics League (North Zone). Sampling methods include purpose sampling, convenience sampling, and stratified sampling. The index of item-objective congruence (IOC) and Cronbach's Alpha pilot test were used to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire before sending out the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data, verify the model's fit, and determine the causal relationship between variables. Result: The results show that the six hypotheses are supported. Environment, Player performance, Referees, and E-service quality have a significant impact on satisfaction and Satisfaction; Security has a significant impact on behavioral intention. Conclusions: The originality of this study is to determine the effectiveness of electronic timing to enhance better satisfaction and behavioral intention, and provide insights for better system improvement.
References
Ade, P., Aguirre, J., Ahmed, Z., Aiola, S., Ali, A., Alonso, D., & Madhavacheril, M. (2019). The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 2(02), 56-60.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Prentice-Hall.
Arbuckle, J. L. (1995). AMOS for Windows Analysis of Moment Structures Version 3.5. Small Waters Corp.
Belanche, D., Casaló, A. L., & Guinalíu, M. (2012). Website usability, consumer satisfaction and the intention to use a website: The moderating effect of perceived risk. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 19(1), 1-10.
Biscaia, R., Correia, A., Ross, S., Rosado, A., & Maroco, J. (2013). Sport Sponsorship: The Relationship Between Team Loyalty, Sponsorship Awareness, Attitude Toward the Sponsor, and Purchase Intentions. Journal of Sport Management, 27(3), 288-302. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.4.288
Check, J., & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Research methods in education (1st ed.). Sage.
Chen, Y., Evans, J., & Feldlaufer, M. (2006). Horizontal and vertical transmission of viruses in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 92(3), 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2006.03.010
Cho, H., Salmon, T., & Charles, T. (2007). Unintended Effects of Health Communication Campaigns. Journal of Communication, 57(2), 293-317. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00344.x
Christian, M. S., Bradley, J. C., Wallace, J. C., & Burke, M. J. (2009). Workplace Safety: A Meta-Analysis of the Roles of Person and Situation Factors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 1103-1127. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016172
Clark-Carter, D. (2010). Quantitative Psychological Research: The Complete Student’s Companion (1st ed.). Psychology Press-Taylor & Francis.
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Sage.
Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. (2000). Assessing the Effects of Quality, Value and Customer Satisfaction on Consumer Behavioral Intentions in Service Environments. Journal of Retailing, 76, 193-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
Duan, Y., Edwards, J., & Dwivedi, Y. (2019). Artificial intelligence for decision making in the era of Big Data-evolution, challenges, and research agenda. International Journal of Information Management. 48, 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.021
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313
Fowler, F. J. (2014). Survey Research Method (5th ed.). Centre for Survey Research, University of Massachusetts.
Ha, S., & Stoel, L. (2012). Online apparel retailing: roles of e‐shop quality and experiential e‐shop motives. Journal of Service Management, 23(2), 197-215.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09564231211226114
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R., & Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. (7th ed.). Pearson.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling: Rigorous Applications, Better Results and Higher Acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46, 1-12. mhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001
Hennink, M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2020). Qualitative Research Methods (1st ed.). SAGE Publications Limited.
Herd, P., Carr, D., & Roan, C. (2014). Cohort profile: Wisconsin longitudinal study (WLS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(1), 34-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys194
Hess, T. M. (1992). Adult age differences in script content and structure. In R. West & J. Sinnott (Eds.), Everyday memory and aging (pp.87-100). Verlag.
Holbrook, M. B., & Corfman, K. P. (1981). Quality and value in the consumption experience. Phaldrus rides again. In J. Jacobi & J. Olson (Eds), Perceived Quality (pp. 31-35). Lexington.
Hover, P., Dijk, B., Breedveld, K., van Eekeren, F., & Slender, H. (2016). Creating social impact with sport events. Mulier Institute & Utrecht University
Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality during COVID-19 Outbreak in China: A Web Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
Iacobucci, D. (2009). Everything you always wanted to know about SEM (structural equations modeling) but were afraid to ask. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19(4), 673-680.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.002
Kim, D., Quinn, J., Pinsky, B., Shah, N. H., & Brown, I. (2020). Rates of co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens. Jama, 323(20), 2085-2086.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6266
Kim, S., & Manoli, E. (2023). From horizontal to vertical relationships: how online community identification fosters sport fans’ team identification and behavioral intentions. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 24(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-09-2021-0188
Kotler, P. (1973). Atmospherics as a marketing tool. Journal of retailing, 49(4), 48-64.
Kotler, P., & Dupree, J. (1997). Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control, Test Item File (1st ed.). Prentice Hall.
Ladhari, R. (2009). Service Quality, Emotional Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: A Study in the Hotel Industry. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 19, 308-331.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09604520910955320
Louro, M. J., Pieters, R., & Zeelenberg, M. (2005). Negative Returns on Positive Emotions: The Influence of Pride and Self-Regulatory Goals on Repurchase Decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(4), 833-840. https://doi.org/10.1086/426619
Luomala, H., & Laaksonen, M. (2000). Contributions from mood research. Psychology and Marketing, 17(3), 195-233.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(200003)17:3<195::aid-mar2>3.0.co;2-#
McKinney, M. L. (2002). Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation: the impacts of urbanization on native species are poorly studied, but educating a highly urbanized human population about these impacts can greatly improve species conservation in all ecosystems. Bioscience, 52(10), 883-890. https://doi.org/10.1641/00063568(2002)052[0883:ubac]2.0.co;2
Nevill, A. M., Balmer, N. J., & Williams, A. M. (2002). The influence of crowd noise and experience upon refereeing decisions in football. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(4), 261-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00033-4
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Olshavsky, R. W. (1985). Perceived Quality in Consumer Decision Making an Integrated Theoretical Perspective (1st ed.). Lexington.
Parasuraman, A., Berry, L. L., & Zeithaml, V. A. (1991). Perceived Service Quality as a Customer-Based Performance Measure: An Empirical Examination of Organizational Barriers Using an Extended Service Quality Model. Human Resource Management, 30, 335-364.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930300304
Pearson, A., Tadisina, S., & Griffin, C. (2012). The Role of E-Service Quality and Information Quality in Creating Perceived Value: Antecedents to Web Site Loyalty. Information Systems Management - ISM, 29(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2012.687311
Pedroso, C. B., Da Silva, A. L., & Tate, W. L. (2016). Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP): Insights from a multi-case study of Brazilian Organizations. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 213-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.08.035
Portal, S., Abratt, R., & Bendixen, M. (2018). The role of brand authenticity in developing brand trust. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 27(8), 714-729. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254x.2018.1466828
Shaw, J. (2022, September 1). World Athletics Indoor Championships Nanjing 2023 Postponed to 2025. Sport Travel Magazine. https://www.sportstravelmagazine.com/world-athle tics-indoor-championships-nanjing-2023-postponed-to-2025/
Sica, C., & Ghisi, M. (2007). The Italian versions of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory-II: Psychometric properties and discriminant power. In M. A. Lange (Ed.), Leading-edge psychological tests and testing research (pp. 27-50). Nova Science Publishers.
Spears, N., & Singh, S. (2004). Measuring Attitude Toward the Brand and Purchase Intentions. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 26(2), 53-66.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2004.10505164
Sripalawat, J., Thongmak, M., & Ngarmyarn, A. (2011). M-banking in metropolitan Bangkok and a comparison with other countries. Journal of Computer Information Systems (JCIS). 51(3), 67-76.
Uhrich, S., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2009). Effects of atmosphere at major sports events: A perspective from environmental psychology. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 10(4), 56-75. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-10-04-2009-b005
Webb, T., & Thelwell, R. (2015). “He’s taken a dive”: Cultural comparisons of elite referee responses to reduced player behavior in association football. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 5(3), 242-258.
Wyld, D. C. (2008). The chips are in: enhancing sports through RFID technology. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 9(2), 62-77. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-09-02-2008-B008
Zeithaml, V., Berry, L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality. Journal of Marketing, 60, 31-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1251929
Zhang, Y., & Ma, Z. F. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 2381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072381
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Ying Cao
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The submitting author warrants that the submission is original and that she/he is the author of the submission together with the named co-authors; to the extend the submission incorporates text passages, figures, data, or other material from the work of others, the submitting author has obtained any necessary permission.
Articles in this journal are published under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY What does this mean?). This is to get more legal certainty about what readers can do with published articles, and thus a wider dissemination and archiving, which in turn makes publishing with this journal more valuable for you, the authors.
