Scholar: Human Sciences

Assessing the Key Drivers of Sophomores’ Satisfaction and Learning Outcome in Shandong, China

Jindi Wang — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The study aims to explore the factors impacting student satisfaction and learning outcome, specifically among sophomore students at public colleges in Shandong, China, during the COVID-19 outbreak. The research intends to identify challenges and propose recommendations to enhance this student cohort's online learning experience. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: A quantitative research design is employed, incorporating surveys to gather data among 500 sophomore students in public colleges in Shandong. Item-objective congruence (IOC) index and a pilot test with 30 responses were conducted. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and the Structural Equation Model (SEM) were applied to scrutinize the effect of variables. Results: Technological, instructional, and faculty factors influence online education quality. Student satisfaction links to virtual engagement, adaptability, and responsiveness, emphasizing the need for adaptive pedagogy and enhanced support amid COVID-19. Nevertheless, empathy has no significant impact on student satisfaction towards online courses. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of addressing the identified factors to optimize online teaching quality and student satisfaction, especially for sophomore students during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The findings provide actionable insights for educational institutions seeking to navigate the challenges posed by the current circumstances.

Determinants of Teachers' Job Performance: A Case of Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology, China

Li Yao — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The research examines how eight independent variables (organizational commitment, innovative work behavior, big five personality traits, job satisfaction) impact the dependent variable (Job Performance). Furthermore, the study seeks to identify significant differences between these variables. Research design, data, and methodology: The study utilized the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) to assess validity and conducted a pilot test for reliability using Cronbach's Alpha (n=30). Analysis was performed on 108 valid responses from teachers at Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology, employing multiple linear regression to confirm the significant relationships between variables. Subsequently, a group of 30 teachers underwent a 12-week Intervention Design Implementation (IDI). Post-IDI and pre-IDI quantitative results were then subjected to paired-sample t-tests for comparison. Results: The results show that organizational commitment, innovative work behavior, Big five personality traits, and job satisfaction all have significant effects on job performance, and all hypotheses are supported. The paired-sample t-test results revealed a significant difference in teachers' job performance between the post-IDI and pre-IDI stages. Conclusions: The key variables need to be emphasized and strengthened, to effectively improve the job performance of teachers in Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology, China.

Implementing Intervention Design Program to Assess Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Vocational and Technical College in Anhui, China

Zhiping He — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study explores the factors influencing teachers' job satisfaction at the Anhui Institute of Vocational Technology. By investigating the relationship between five key variables and teachers' job satisfaction, it seeks to provide comprehensive theoretical insights and practical guidance for educational institutions. Research Design, Data, and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 100 teachers at the Anhui Institute of Vocational Technology. The research employed the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) to evaluate validity and conducted a pilot test (n=50) to assess reliability using Cronbach's Alpha. Following this, a group of 30 teachers engaged in a 15-week Intervention Design Implementation (IDI). Subsequently, the quantitative data collected from pre-IDI and post-IDI evaluations underwent paired-sample t-test analysis for comparison. Results: The study found significant correlations between career development, employee engagement, emotional stability, talent management, work environment, and teachers’ job satisfaction. Specifically, career development opportunities, employee involvement in decision-making, emotional stability, effective talent nurturing, and a positive work environment were key drivers of increased job satisfaction among teachers. Conclusion: Recommendations include formulating robust career development frameworks, fostering greater employee participation, prioritizing teachers' emotional well-being, optimizing talent management protocols, and improving working conditions. Addressing these factors holistically can create an environment conducive to increased teacher satisfaction, thus fostering comprehensive school development.

A Study on The Main Influencing Factors of Turnover Intention of College Teachers in Zhanjiang City, China

Minyan Jin — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study examines the influencing factors of teacher turnover rate in Zhanjiang universities, China. Teacher affective commitment, burnout, continuance commitment, job dissatisfaction, and normative commitment are the independent variables, and turnover intention is the dependent variable. Research design, data, and methodology: Validity was measured using the project-objective agreement index (IOC), and Cronbach's Alpha was used as a pilot test (n=30). The significant relationship between the variables was verified through 178 questionnaires and data statistics of Zhanjiang University teachers. This was followed by a 12-week Intervention Design Implementation (IDI) program for 30 college and university teachers. Then, the quantitative results were compared by a paired sample T-test after and before IDI. Results: According to multiple linear regression results, teacher's affective commitment, burnout, continuance commitment, job dissatisfaction, and normative commitment have a significant impact on teachers' turnover intention. Finally, the comparison results of the paired sample T-test show significant differences in the turnover intention of college teachers in the post-IDI and pre-IDI stages. Conclusions: According to the research results, teachers' emotional commitment, job burnout, continuous commitment, job satisfaction, and normative commitment are important factors that affect teachers' turnover intention.

Determinants of Entrepreneurship Education Intention of Vocational College Students in Hunan, China

Chunting Li — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This research examines the determinants of the intention of vocational college students from a public college in Hunan, China, regarding entrepreneurship education. The independent variables in this study are Human Capital, Personal Attitude, Self-Efficacy, Need for Achievement, and Family Background. In contrast, the mediator variable is entrepreneurship education intention, and entrepreneurial intention is the dependent variable. Research design, data, and methodology: The researcher applied a quantitative method (n=500), and questionnaires were distributed to current students at three faculties of Hunan Technical College of railway high-speed. The non-probability sampling includes purposive sampling, quota sampling, and convenience sampling is used to gather data and distribute surveys both offline and online. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were utilized for the data analysis, which included model fit, construct validity, and reliability. Results: Significant insights have surfaced regarding the influence of various factors on entrepreneurship education intention and entrepreneurial intention. Self-efficacy, need for achievement, family background, human capital, and personal attitude emerged as noteworthy contributors to entrepreneurship education intention. Conclusions: The study concludes that entrepreneurship education intention positively influences confidence and intention among vocational students in Hunan Vocational College, China, with implications for broader research.

Influential Factors Affecting the Attitudes and Purchase Intentions of Post-90s Customers Towards Electric Vehicles in Nanning, China

Haoning Song — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study investigates the factors influencing consumer attitudes and purchase intentions toward electric vehicles in Nanning. The primary focus is on exploring the causal relationships among perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, personal innovation, environmental awareness, environmental attitude, and behavioral attitude. Research design, data, and methodology: This study utilizes quantitative research methods with a sample size of 500 and conducts a questionnaire survey targeting the post-90s population in Nanning City. Non-probability sampling methods are employed, initially utilizing a targeted approach to select participants from three prominent shopping malls in Nanning City. Subsequently, a stratified random sampling method establishes sampling quotas for each mall, enabling data collection online and offline. The analysis involves Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Result: The research reveals that perceived usefulness, ease of use, compatibility, personal innovation ability, environmental awareness, environmental attitude, and behavioral attitude significantly impact consumer purchase intention. Notably, behavioral attitude emerges as the most influential factor, while compatibility, although the least impactful, still significantly affects consumer purchase intention. Conclusion: Managers of new energy vehicle brands can devise tailored strategies based on these evaluations to enhance the attitudes and willingness of post-90s consumers to purchase new electric vehicles.

Exploring Interactive Pedagogy to Enhance Students’ Engagement in ECE in Southwest China

Lu Zhang — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study is to verify the significance between learner-content interaction, learner-instructor interaction, learner-learner interaction and students’ emotional, behavioural, and cognitive engagement in class. Research design, data and methodology: Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) rating and a pilot test (n=30) were used for validity and reliability. 280 responses from ECE in an application-oriented private university in southwest China were analyzed by the multiple linear regression (MLR) to verify the significant relationship between variables and 6 teachers and 12 students were interviewed for offering suggestions to intervention process. Following this, a group of 40 students underwent a 12-week Intervention Design and Implementation (IDI). Afterwards, the results were compared using paired samples t-test before and after the intervention and the same 6 students were interviewed for feedback. Results: The results of MLR revealed that there were significant influences between learner-content interaction, learner-learner interaction and students’ emotional, behavioural and cognitive engagement, but not learner-instructor interaction. In addition, paired samples t-test results indicated significant changes in learner-content interaction, learner-learner interaction, and students' emotional, behavioural and cognitive engagement before and after the intervention. Conclusions: Although benefits and challenges coexist, interactive pedagogy is worth promoting as it enhances students’ learning effectiveness, emotional experiences, and overall development.

Determinants of Students’ Performance in Higher Vocational Colleges under the Vocational Skill Evaluation System in Hangzhou, China

Yu Juping — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between student experience, academic culture, employability, compatibility with online mode, innovation, new opportunities, knowledge management process, and performance. Research design, data, and methodology: This study encompasses 500 students from ten higher vocational schools in Hangzhou, China, aiming to investigate and comprehensively evaluate participants' adaptability, abilities, and skill advantages in their academic performance. Data collection utilized purposive, quota, and convenience sampling methods, with a questionnaire as the primary tool. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling and Confirmatory Factor Analysis techniques to assess model fit, reliability, and construct validity. Results: Academic culture has a crucial impact on student experience. Academic culture, student experience, employability, compatibility with online mode, and innovation have crucial impacts on performance. Knowledge Management processes have a crucial impact on innovation. Nevertheless, Knowledge management process has no significant influence on performance Conclusions: To achieve the dissertation's objectives, seven hypotheses were tested. Therefore, the third-party evaluation system of vocational education used by industrial enterprises has established a more scientific evaluation model, which can help students find their own learning direction and skill expertise, as well as the rules of skill formation and training, to improve their career performance.

Factors Impacting Teacher’s Job Satisfaction in Private Higher Education Schools in Beijing, China

Miaomiao Zhang — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The study investigates the influence of four independent variables (Teacher Professional Community, Involvement, Professional Collaboration, and Distributed Leadership) on the dependent variable (Teachers' Job Satisfaction). Additionally, it aims to identify significant differences between variables. Research design, data, and methodology: The research employed the Index of Strategic Planning (SP) for validity and a Cronbach's Alpha in a pilot test (n=30) for reliability. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted on 302 valid questionnaires from the Beijing City University faculty members to verify the significant relationship between the variables. Following this, 30 respondents underwent a 14-week Strategic Planning (SP). Afterward, the quantitative results from post-SP and pre-SP were analyzed in the paired-sample t-test for comparison. Results: In multiple linear regression, the study revealed that teacher professional community, professional collaboration, and distributed leadership significantly impacted teachers' job satisfaction, while involvement had no significant impact on creativity. Finally, the results from the paired-sample t-test for comparison demonstrated significant differences in teacher professional community, professional collaboration, and distributed leadership between the post-SP and pre-SP stages. Conclusions: This study focuses on the teachers of Beijing City University to enhance their job satisfaction through the development of a teacher professional community, professional collaboration, and distributed leadership.

An Examination on Influencers of Student Satisfaction with the Use of E-Learning in Higher Education in Hangzhou, China

Wen Lyu — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study explores factors influencing undergraduate students’ e-learning satisfaction in Hangzhou, China. The conceptual framework aims to examine the relationship between course content quality confirmation, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, course content quality, confirmation, perceived ease of use, and satisfaction of online learning. Research design, data, and methodology: 500 sample data was collected using the quantitative method and a questionnaire as a tool. Item-objective congruence and pilot tests were adopted to test the content validity and reliability of the questionnaire before distribution. Data was analyzed by utilizing Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to validate the model’s goodness of fit and confirm the causal relationship among variables for hypothesis testing. Results: The results reveal that this conceptual model could predict which factors affect students’ satisfaction with using e-learning in higher education in Hangzhou, China. Six out of seven proposed hypotheses were supported. Online learning satisfaction was strongly impacted by reliability, responsiveness, course content quality, confirmation, and perceived ease of use. Conclusions: This study recommends that developers of cloud-based e-learning systems in higher education institutions should concentrate on enhancing the quality factors of the systems. This will help students perceive the system as useful and increase their intention to continue using it.

The Driving Factors of Online Learning Satisfaction and Online Continuous Learning Intention Among Sophomores in Chengdu, China

Dong Wang — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study examines the factors influencing satisfaction with online learning and the continuous learning intention among sophomore university students in Chengdu. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: Quantitative methods and questionnaires were employed to gather sample data. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed through item-objective congruence and pilot tests before distribution. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were utilized for data analysis, validating the model's goodness of fit and confirming causal relationships among variables for hypothesis testing. Results: Online learning satisfaction significantly predicts the intention to continue learning online. Information quality and instructor quality play pivotal roles in influencing students' online learning satisfaction, followed by system quality and course website quality, with reliability also impacting satisfaction. Consequently, students' satisfaction with online learning emerges as the strongest predictor directly and indirectly influencing their intention to continue learning online. Information quality and instructor quality significantly drive online learning satisfaction, while system quality and course website quality strongly impact satisfaction. Conclusions: This study is significant in exploring online education in higher education, especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic 2019. It provides insights into the experiences of second-year university students in transition, aiming to enhance their willingness to engage in online learning.

An Investigation on Influential Factors on Students’ Perceived Employability in Higher Education, Guangzhou, China

Yan Yan — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aims to explore the impacting factors of the perceived employability of graduates from a vocational college in Guangzhou, China. Research design, data, and methodology: The researchers designed a 12-week IDI intervention plan. Firstly, interviews were conducted with graduates before the IDI stage, and the required qualitative data and quantitative data from 30 graduates were collected through a questionnaire. Then, using a questionnaire that has undergone reliability and validity testing to distribute the questionnaire to 517 vocational college graduates. Finally, design and implement an IDI intervention plan to compare the changes in the levels of each variable between Pre-IDI and Post-IDI through paired sample t-tests. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis shows that career self-management, proactive personality, self-efficacy, and core self-evaluation have a significant impact on the perceived employability of vocational college graduates, while protean career orientations have no significant impact on the perceived employability of vocational college graduates. The results of the paired sample t-test showed significant differences in career self-management, proactive personality, self-efficacy, core self-evaluation, and perceived employability levels among vocational college graduates between pre-IDI and post-IDI. Conclusions: The IDI intervention program used in this study effectively improved career self-management, proactive personality, self-efficacy, core self-evaluation, and perceived employability levels of vocational college graduates.

Poetry In Motion – A Journey of Science, Technology, And Society (STS) Students to Creative Expression in Western Visayas, Philippine

Fernan Tupas — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aims to determine the relationship between poems and songs in teaching some topics in Science, Technology, and Society (STS) in one of the state universities and colleges (SUCs) in Western Visayas, Philippines. Research design, data and methodology: This study utilized a one-group pretest-posttest design with an instrument formulated by the researchers from their subject, biodiversity, and genetically modified organisms-scores of students in both pre-test and post-test assisted as the raw data. The respondents were ninety students from Bachelor of Arts in English and a Bachelor of Science in Tourism using purposive sampling. The gathered data were subjected to statistical treatment using frequency, mean, standard deviation, and paired sample t-test. Results: The data revealed the respondents had low scores before the intervention but increased when introducing poems and songs in learning Science, Technology, and Society (STS). However, the pre-test and post-test results between poems and songs have no significant relationship; hence, the null hypothesis is rejected. Conclusions: Students enjoyed learning science through creative activities. Thus, poems and songs as creative outputs have the potential as instructional materials in STS, specifically for non-science majors. This endeavor is an excellent start to making students understand and appreciate Biodiversity and Genetically Modified Organisms.

Influential Factors on the Utilization of E-Learning Systems among Second-Year Arts Major Students in Higher Vocational Colleges in Henan, China

Qingguo Zhang — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The objective of this study is to explore the factors impacting the use behavior of e-learning systems among second year of art majors in higher vocational colleges in Henan, China. The research framework introduces subjective norm, effort expectancy, internet experience, e-learning motivation, perceived usefulness, behavioral intention, and use behavior. Research design, data, and methodology: The researcher employed a quantitative research method and distributed questionnaires to 500 sophomore students in arts majors at a public higher vocational college in Henan province. The initial content validity and reliability assessment was carried out using Item Objective Consistency and Cronbach’s Alpha. After the data was collected, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed to analyze the data, validate the model fit, and confirm the causal relationships between variables, testing the hypotheses for their reliability and validity. Results: The results of the study suggest that the use behavior in the e-learning system among second-year students majoring in arts at vocational colleges is significantly impacted by subjective norm, effort expectancy, internet experience, e-learning motivation, perceived usefulness, and behavioral intention. Conclusions: It is recommended to designing and promoting e-learning systems to enhance successful adoption and effective utilization.

Exploring Perceived Learning Impact of Students in School of Art Design and Animation Towards Massive Open Online Courses at a University in Sichuan, China

pengyu Yao — 2025-06-24

Purpose: To achieve its goal of online education development, the regional differences in the development of e-learning have been accounted. This study aims to investigate factors influencing students' perceived learning impact of massive open online courses at Sichuan university of media and communication, China including self-efficacy, perceived usefulness, knowledge quality, service quality, satisfaction, actual use, and perceived impact on learning. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: This study focuses on 500 students in School of Media and Communication, who enrolled in School of Art Design and Animation. Sampling methods utilized in the study comprised judgmental, quota, and convenience sampling techniques. Before data collection, the researcher conducted both the index of item-objective congruence and Cronbach's Alpha test. Data analysis involved the utilization of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques. Results: Self-efficacy, perceived usefulness, knowledge quality, and actual use were all found to significantly influence satisfaction. Interestingly, service quality did not significantly impact satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction was found to significantly predict perceived impact on learning. Conclusions: This research lies in its tailored approach to studying students at a specific university, and provides valuable insights into factors influencing students' experiences and behaviors within the context of media and communication education.

Leadership Behaviors Influencing Faculty Job Satisfaction at Private Universities in Zhanjiang: An Analysis of Strategic Interventions

Shu Chen — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This research investigates the impact of leadership behaviors on faculty job satisfaction in private universities in Zhanjiang, China, focusing on leader-member exchange, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and performance management participation. Research design, data, and methodology: Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative interviews and observations with quantitative data collected through surveys from 86 faculty members across three departments. The reliability and validity of the survey were established using the Instrument of Organization Culture and Cronbach's alpha. A multiple linear regression analysis validated the significant relationships between leadership behaviors and job satisfaction. A strategic intervention was then applied to a targeted group of 30 teachers over 16 weeks, with the effectiveness assessed through paired-sample t-tests comparing pre- and post-intervention data. Results: The results demonstrated significant positive impacts of leader-member exchange, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and performance management participation on faculty job satisfaction. The intervention results further validated these findings, showing marked improvements in job satisfaction scores post-intervention across all measured leadership behaviors. Conclusions: The insights underscore the importance of strategic leadership development and participatory management practices in fostering a supportive academic environment and promoting faculty well-being and institutional quality.

Improving Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention: A Case of Guangdong Ocean University China

Xiaoxia Li — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The effect of five independent variables (innovativeness, perceived feasibility, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship education) on the dependent variable (entrepreneurial intention) was investigated. The influencing factors of entrepreneurial intention were explored to provide a reference for improving entrepreneurial intention. Research design, data, and methodology: The study tested the validity of the questionnaire through the item-objective congruence index (IOC) and analyzed the reliability of the questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha (n=30). The 166 valid questionnaires were then analyzed using multiple linear regression to verify the significant relationships between the variables. Subsequently, a 14-week intervention design implementation (IDI) was conducted with 30 students. Finally, paired-sample t-tests were performed on the quantitative results after and before the IDI. Results: In a multiple linear regression study, innovativeness, perceived feasibility, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, attitudes towards entrepreneurship, and entrepreneurship education had a significant effect on students' entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, the paired samples t-test results showed a significant difference between the post-IDI and pre-IDI stages in terms of entrepreneurial intention. Conclusion: This study aims to explore the factors that influence entrepreneurial intention based on the current situation of Guangdong Ocean University to cultivate and improve students' entrepreneurial intentions.

The Aspects of Students' Satisfaction and Intention to Use Online Higher Education from Public Universities in Guangdong, China

Chong Han — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the students' satisfaction and willingness to attend online higher education at three universities in Guangdong Province. The conceptual framework proposes learning materials, infrastructure, academic staff, degree programs, perceived usefulness, student satisfaction, and willingness to use. Research design, data, and methodology: The researchers used a quantitative method (n=450) to distribute questionnaires to postgraduates at three universities in Guangdong Province. Non-probability sampling includes judgment sampling when selecting postgraduates from three universities, quota sampling when determining the scope, and convenience sampling when collecting online distribution surveys. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are used for data analysis, including model fitting and the reliability and validity of structures. Results: Learning material has, academic staff, degree program, and perceived usefulness significantly impact student satisfaction. Perceived usefulness and student satisfaction have a significant impact on student intention to use. Nevertheless, infrastructure facilities have no significant impact on student satisfaction. Conclusions: This study provides the senior management of colleges and universities with the tools to identify the variables that affect the willingness of college students to use online education so that it can be applied to online teaching.

Driving Factors of Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Private University in Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology, China

Lingqi Xue — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study investigates the effects of seven independent variables (talent management, employee engagement, participation/involvement in continuous improvement, self-awareness, relationship transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing) on one dependent variable (job satisfaction). Research design, data, and methodology: The project-objective agreement index (IOC) was used to measure validity, and Cronbach's Alpha was used as a pilot test (n=30). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on 110 valid questionnaires from teachers at Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology to verify the significant relationship between variables. After this, 30 teachers from the Accounting School of Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology participated in the 16-week strategic planning task. At the end of the task, the quantitative results of the expected and current situations were compared by paired sample T-test. Results: Multiple linear regression results showed that talent management, employee engagement, ongoing project participation, self-awareness, relationship transparency, internalized ethics, and balanced approaches significantly affected teacher job satisfaction. Finally, the comparison results of the paired sample T-test show a significant difference between the expected situation after the strategic plan and the current situation. Conclusions: This study aims to develop strategic plans from the perspectives of talent management, employee engagement, ongoing project participation, self-awareness, relationship transparency, internalized ethics, and balanced handling to enhance teacher job satisfaction.

Pupils' Bullying at School is Not Related to Child-Parent Relationship: Empirical Evidence from the Philippines

Jezel Babor — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study investigates the extent of bullying among sixth grade pupils at a public school in Negros Oriental, Philippines, and analyze whether or not bullying at school among pupils is related to child-parent relationship. Research design, data, and methodology: The sample participants of this study consisted of 85 pupils who came from three sections of grade six and 85 parents of these pupils. This study employed a quantitative-descriptive design using self-administered questionnaires to obtain robust data to address the research questions. The questionnaires used were the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS). Results: The results reveal that bullying only happened once or twice a month. Further, the extent when pupils were bullied, and the extent when they were bullies were found to be positively correlated, r (83) = .548, p < .001. There is also no relationship between the extent of bullying and child-parent relationship. Conclusion: Parents positive interaction with their children does not guarantee that their child will not commit bullying and also to the parents that have negative interaction with their children does not mean that their child will be bullies. Thus, child-parent relationship has nothing to do with the bullying that occurs in school.

Factors Impacting Teachers’ Job Burnout in a Private University in Zhanjiang, China

Miaona You — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aims to explore the impact of factors such as teachers' background, social support, social-emotional ability, teacher-student relationships, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment on teacher burnout at a private university in Zhanjiang, China, and to evaluate potential intervention measures. Research design, data, and methods: A questionnaire survey method was employed, utilizing a questionnaire covering seven aspects, including teachers' backgrounds. The questionnaire, conducted using a five-point Likert scale, targeted 100 teachers from various departments and majors at a private university in Zhanjiang. The study utilized the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) to assess validity and conducted a pilot test (n=50) to determine reliability using Cronbach's Alpha. Subsequently, a cohort of 30 teachers participated in a 15-week Intervention Design Implementation (IDI). Subsequent to this, the quantitative data obtained from pre-IDI and post-IDI assessments were subjected to paired-sample t-test analysis for comparison. Results: The study revealed significant correlations between teachers' background, social support, social-emotional ability, teacher-student relationships, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, reduced personal accomplishment, and teacher burnout. Conclusion: To address burnout, school administrators and policymakers recommend interventions such as enhancing teachers' educational backgrounds, strengthening social support networks, fostering social-emotional abilities, promoting positive teacher-student relationships, and managing factors contributing to emotional exhaustion and reduced personal accomplishment.

Exploring College Students’ Satisfaction in Cloud-Based Electronic Learning in Chengdu, China

Guo Li — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aims to explore the factors impacting college students’ perceived usefulness, cognitive absorption, and satisfaction in cloud-based electronic learning in Chengdu, China. Research design, data, and methodology: Purposive, quota, and convenience Sampling were adopted. The quantitative method was used to collect sample data through a questionnaire survey. The sample consisted of students from four universities in Chengdu. Before data collection, Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) and a pilot test of Cronbach's Alpha were adopted to test the content validity and reliability. After data collection, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data to verify the reliability, validity, and goodness of fit of the data and to test the hypothesis. Results: Perceived usefulness was significantly impacted by interactivity, and cognitive absorption was significantly impacted by confirmation. Perceived usefulness was the strongest predictor of satisfaction, followed by perceived usefulness, cognitive absorption, and system quality. Conclusions: Six of the eight hypotheses proposed were supported and proved to be able to achieve the research objectives. Therefore, it is recommended that developers and universities ensure the interactivity, confirmation, and information quality of cloud-based e-learning systems so that students have a positive experience, thereby improving perceived usefulness, cognitive absorption, and satisfaction.

Key Factors Influencing Male Undergraduate Students’ Behavioral Intentions Towards Mobile Library Platforms in Chengdu, China

Ying Xin — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the primary factors that influence the behavioral intention of male undergraduate students toward mobile library platforms (m-library) in private universities in Chengdu, China. The key variables are system quality, perceived ease of use, perceived interaction, perceived usefulness, use attitude, information technology, social influence, and behavior intention. Research design, data, and methodology: The study adopted a quantitative technique, utilizing a questionnaire to acquire data from the sample group. The questionnaire's content validity and reliability were evaluated via IOC and pilot testing before distribution. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyze the data, evaluate the model's adequacy, and construct a causal relationship between variables to test the hypothesis. Results: The study's findings indicate that the conceptual model effectively forecasted private college students' behavioral intention to use MLPs. Information technology, perceived usefulness, and attitude towards use are significant factors that influence the behavioral intention to use MLP. Conclusions: Behavioral intention predictions are most directly influenced by attitudes. Therefore, this study suggests that MLP developers in private colleges and universities be focused on using attitudes targeting female students to encourage usage patterns and behavioral intentions.

Predicting University Students’ Satisfaction and Continuance Intentions to Use AI-Powered Chatbots in Chengdu, China

Xingwei Lu — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the determinants of university students' satisfaction and continuance intentions toward AI-powered chatbots in Chengdu, China. The conceptual framework was adapted from previous studies, which proposed a significant relationship among problem-solving, user interface, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, satisfaction, and continuance intention. Research design, data, and methodology: The researcher used a quantitative method (n=500) to distribute questionnaires to undergraduate students. The researcher applied probability and non-probability sampling, including purposive, stratified random, and convenience sampling. The research applied the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for the data analysis, including model fit, reliability, and validity of the constructs. Results: The results explained that problem-solving, user interface, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use support have a significant influence on satisfaction. Perceived Usefulness support showed the strongest influence on satisfaction, followed by user interface, perceived ease of use, and problem-solving. Satisfaction and trust have a significant influence on continuance intention. Satisfaction has the strongest influence on continuance intention, followed by trust. Conclusions: Six hypotheses were proven to fulfill research objectives. By measuring and evaluating user satisfaction, companies providing AI-powered chatbots can understand users' needs and expectations and their feelings about the user experience.

Influential Factors Shaping the Behavioral Intention of Undergraduate Students towards Livestream Shopping in Chengdu, China

Yizhen Yuan — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study intends to investigate the factors influencing the choice of live shopping among students in Chengdu. The study explores the relationship between seven variables: perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, attitude, service quality, social influence, and behavioral intention. Research design, data, and methodology: The researcher used the quantitative method (n=500) to distribute questionnaires to undergraduate students in three designated universities in Chengdu. Considering the principle of similarity in geographical location and representativeness at the school level, the judgmental sampling was to select three universities. Quota sampling fixes the number, and convenience sampling helps with the data collection and distribution of surveys in multiple ways. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used for the data analysis, and they included model fit, reliability, and validity of the constructs. Results: The results explicated that perceived ease of use, usefulness, and enjoyment significantly impact attitude. Moreover, attitude, service quality, and social influence significantly affect behavioral intention. Conclusions: All hypotheses were completely proven to fulfill research objectives. Hence, there is a need to continuously develop new technologies and improve the quality and level of service to meet consumers' different needs and tastes.

The Examination on Students‘ Parasocial Interaction and Brand Preference to Use Video Application in New Developing Area of Chengdu, China

Siyi Yan — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This research investigates the influences on university students' parasocial interaction and brand preference regarding video applications in Chengdu, China. Seven variables were identified for examination, encompassing parasocial interaction, entertainment motive, perceived interactivity, self-disclosure, task attraction, physical attraction, and brand preference, with six hypotheses proposed to explore their interrelationships. Research Design, Data, and Methodology: A quantitative approach was employed in this study through the distribution of a questionnaire. The survey encompassed 500 students from two universities in Chengdu's New Developing Area, known for their active usage of the Bilibili application. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were utilized as the analytical methods to assess goodness of fit and confirm the hypotheses proposed in the study. Results: Perceived interactivity, self-disclosure, and task attraction significantly contribute to parasocial interaction, which subsequently influences brand preference. However, the impact of entertainment motive on parasocial interaction was not supported. Furthermore, there is no support on the impact of physical attraction and parasocial interaction. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of considering contextual factors such as geographical location. Furthermore, they provide valuable insights for content creators, video platform developers, and marketers seeking to effectively engage with and target this demographic in Chengdu, China.

Influential Factors on English E-Learning Behavioral Intention and Usage Among Undergraduates at Chengdu University, Sichuan, China

Shuhui Wang — 2025-06-24

Purpose: The research investigates factors impacting the E-learning Behavioral Intention and Use behavior of undergraduates in non-English majors of Chengdu University who represent the undergraduates of Sichuan Province in China. Research design, data, and methodology: 496 sample data from the target group was gathered using a questionnaire and the quantitative approach. After the index of item-objective congruence (IOC), and Cronbach's Alpha, the Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was applied to test the data to verify the causal link between the variables and the model's goodness of fit. Finally, the Structural Equation Model (SEM) was again applied to conclude the impact strength of each variable. Results: All six hypotheses are supported at the p-value ranging from, showing a significant impact. The impact strengths of the factors are in the order of behavioral intention to use behavior, hedonic motivation to behavioral intention, self- efficacy to behavioral intention, effort expectancy to behavioral intention, facilitating conditions to use behavior, and performance expectancy to behavioral intention. Conclusions: In order to spread English E-learning among undergraduates in China, governments, university administrators, and English E-learning cooperating companies should pay full attention to the impacting factors investigated in this research and follow up policies and measurements to create a comfortable English E-learning setting.

Factors Influencing American Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions and Use Behavior of Tourism Apps

Ruiheng Guo — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This paper investigates the factors influencing American tourists' behavioral intention and use behavior of tourism apps. The framework considers perceived destination quality, satisfaction, memorability of a trip experience, performance expectancy, social influence, behavior intentions and use behavior as variables. Research design, data and methodology: A quantitative research method (n=500) was used in this study to survey American tourists who experienced the use of three tourism apps. Sampling methods included judgmental, quota, sampling judgment, and snowball sampling. Data analysis included structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for model fit, reliability, and construct validity. Results: Satisfaction, memorability of a trip experience, performance expectancy, and social influence have a significant effect on the behavior intentions and use behavior of American tourists' app use, with performance expectancy had the greatest influence. In addition, the perceived destination quality had a significant effect on satisfaction, while the behavior intentions had a significant effect on the use behavior. Conclusions: The study recommends that travel app developers, creators, and managers understand the intent to use and use behaviors of American users in the development of new apps, provide appropriate reference information, and promote more possibilities for American tourist services to create more economic value.

Factors Impacting E-Commerce Platform’s Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention in Chengdu, China

Zijuan Hu — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This research paper aims to investigate the primary determinants that significantly influence individuals' satisfaction and intentions for repeat purchases in Chengdu, China. The conceptual framework proposed causal relationship among security perception, customer service, shipping, innovativeness, popularity, customer satisfaction, and repurchase intention. Research design, data, and methodology: The researcher employed a quantitative approach, surveying a sample size of 500 individuals utilizing questionnaires distributed among residents who have engaged in online shopping across five districts within Chengdu city. The sampling techniques involve judgmental, quota and convenience sampling. The distribution of the questionnaires online and offline to the target research population. The data analysis involved the utilization of the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), which assessed the model's adequacy, reliability, and construct validity. Results: Eight hypotheses were shown to fulfill the research objectives. The results show that security perception, customer service, shipping, innovativeness, and popularity significantly affect customer satisfaction and that innovativeness, popularity, and customer satisfaction all have a substantial impact on repurchase intentions. Conclusions: The results suggests that major e-commerce platforms focus on these areas to generate more excellent economic effects and stabilize good business development. The e-commerce platform should effectively update the platform products and increase customer purchases.

The Assessment on Factors Impacting Small & Micro Corporate Clients’ Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior of Accounting Information System in Dazhou, China

Gou Congcong — 2025-06-24

Purpose: This study delves into the determinants of behavioral intention and use behavior of small & micro corporate clients towards accounting information systems among enterprises in Dazhou, China. The key variables are perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, social influence, perceived risk, facilitating conditions, behavioral intention, and use behavior. Research design, data, and methodology: Researchers gathered questionnaires from small & micro corporate clients, yielding 500 valid responses. The Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC) was utilized to assess the validity of the research content, with a pilot test involving 50 respondents from the target population conducted for this purpose. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were employed to evaluate various aspects of validity and goodness of fit. Results: This study's findings are that perceived ease of use significantly impacts perceived usefulness. Attitude is significantly affected by perceived ease of use, but not by perceived usefulness. Moreover, Attitudes and perceived risk significantly impact behavioral intention. Nevertheless, social influence and facilitating conditions significantly affect behavioral intention. Finally, behavioral intention has a significant effect on use behavior. Conclusions: The findings hold both theoretical significance and practical value, providing insights for Chinese enterprises seeking to modernize their financial accounting practices.

Investigating the Impacts of Social Fitness Activities on Mental Health and Wellbeing of Undergraduate Students

Onouma Thummapol — 2025-06-24

Social fitness, defined as the ability to build and maintain meaningful social relationships, plays a crucial role in mental health and wellbeing. This study examines the impact of social fitness activities on the mental health of undergraduate students using a pre-posttest design. A total of 46 university students participated in a 15-week social fitness intervention integrated into a free elective course. The intervention included structured activities such as teamwork exercises, peer discussions, role-playing, and community engagement initiatives aimed at enhancing social connections, skills, engagement, and resilience. Mental health was assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), while social fitness was measured across four domains: social connection and support networks, social skills and competence, social engagement and inclusion, and social resilience and satisfaction. Results revealed a significant reduction in psychological distress (p < .002) and notable improvements in social connection (p < .001), social engagement (p < .003), and social resilience (p < .002). However, social skills and competence did not show significant change (p = .50), indicating the need for more targeted or long-term interventions. These findings underscore the importance of structured social fitness programs in promoting psychological well-being and highlight the need for sustained and specialized training to enhance social competencies among students.

EDITORIAL

Rawin Vongurai — 2025-06-24

The Scholar: Human Sciences, a journal encompassing the fields of humanities and social sciences, has earned acclaim in the Thailand Citation Index (TCI) as a prominent publication since 2015. It currently holds the esteemed TCI: TIER1 classification. We take great pride in presenting the latest issue, which features a collection of manuscripts that have undergone rigorous evaluation. Each submission has been meticulously reviewed through a blinded review process by three specialized reviewers from different institutions, both internal and external to the authors. This peer-reviewed accreditation ensures the scholarly quality and integrity of the published articles.

This issue covers thirty-one articles. The first article titled “Assessing the Key Drivers of Sophomores’ Satisfaction and Learning Outcome in Shandong, China” explored the factors impacting student satisfaction and learning outcome, specifically among sophomore students at public colleges in Shandong, China, during the COVID-19 outbreak.

The second article titled “Determinants of Teachers' Job Performance: A Case of Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology, China” examined how eight independent variables (organizational commitment, innovative work behavior, big five personality traits, job satisfaction) impact the dependent variable (job performance).

The third article titled “Implementing Intervention Design Program to Assess Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Vocational and Technical College in Anhui, China” explored the factors influencing teachers' job satisfaction at the Anhui Institute of Vocational Technology.

The fourth article titled “A Study on The Main Influencing Factors of Turnover Intention of College Teachers in Zhanjiang City, China” examined the influencing factors of teacher turnover rate in Zhanjiang universities, China.

The fifth articled titled “Determinants of Entrepreneurship Education Intention of Vocational College Students in Hunan, China” examined the determinants of the intention of vocational college students from a public college in Hunan, China, regarding entrepreneurship education.

The sixth article titled “Influential Factors Affecting the Attitudes and Purchase Intentions of Post-90s Customers Towards Electric Vehicles in Nanning, China” explored the causal relationships among perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, personal innovation, environmental awareness, environmental attitude, and behavioral attitude.

The seventh article titled “Exploring Interactive Pedagogy to Enhance Students’ Engagement in ECE in Southwest China” examined the significance between learner-content interaction, learner-instructor interaction, learner-learner interaction and students’ emotional, behavioural, and cognitive engagement in the classroom.

The eighth article titled “Determinants of Students’ Performance in Higher Vocational Colleges under the Vocational Skill Evaluation System in Hangzhou, China” explored the relationship between student experience, academic culture, employability, compatibility with online mode, innovation, new opportunities, knowledge management process, and performance.

The ninth article titled “Factors Impacting Teacher’s Job Satisfaction in Private Higher Education Schools in Beijing, China” focused on the teachers of Beijing City University to enhance their job satisfaction through the development of a teacher professional community, professional collaboration, and distributed leadership.

The tenth article titled “An Examination on Influencers of Student Satisfaction with the Use of E-Learning in Higher Education in Hangzhou, China” examined the relationship between course content quality confirmation, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, course content quality, confirmation, perceived ease of use, and satisfaction of online learning.

The eleventh article titled “The Driving Factors of Online Learning Satisfaction and Online Continuous Learning Intention Among Sophomores in Chengdu, China” studied the factors influencing satisfaction with online learning and the continuous learning intention among sophomore university students in Chengdu.

The twelfth article titled “An Investigation on Influential Factors on Students’ Perceived Employability in Higher Education, Guangzhou, China” aimed to explore the impacting factors of the perceived employability of graduates from a vocational college in Guangzhou, China.

The thirteenth article titled “Poetry In Motion -A Journey of Science, Technology, And Society (STS) Students to Creative Expression in Western Visayas, Philippine” aimed to determine the relationship between poems and songs in teaching some topics in Science, Technology, and Society (STS) in one of the state universities and colleges (SUCs) in Western Visayas, Philippines.

The fourteenth article titled “Influential Factors on the Utilization of E-Learning Systems among Second-Year Arts Major Students in Higher Vocational Colleges in Henan, China” explored the factors impacting the use behavior of e-learning systems among second year of art majors in higher vocational colleges in Henan, China.

The fifteenth article titled “Exploring Perceived Learning Impact of Students in School of Art Design and Animation Towards Massive Open Online Courses at a University in Sichuan, China” investigated factors influencing students' perceived learning impact of massive open online courses at Sichuan university of media and communication, China.

The sixteenth article titled “Leadership Behaviors Influencing Faculty Job Satisfaction at Private Universities in Zhanjiang: An Analysis of Strategic Interventions” investigated the impact of leadership behaviors on faculty job satisfaction in private universities in Zhanjiang, China.

The seventeenth article titled “Improving Students’ Entrepreneurial Intention: A Case of Guangdong Ocean University China” aimed to explore the factors that influence entrepreneurial intention based on the current situation of Guangdong Ocean University to cultivate and improve students' entrepreneurial intentions.

The eighteenth article titled “The Aspects of Postgraduate Students' Satisfaction and Intention to Use Online Higher Education from Public Universities in Guangdong, China” aimed to investigate the students' satisfaction and willingness to attend online higher education at three universities in Guangdong Province.

The nineteenth article titled “Driving Factors of Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in Private University in Zhanjiang University of Science and Technology, China” aimed to develop strategic plans from the perspectives of talent management, employee engagement, ongoing project participation, self-awareness, relationship transparency, internalized ethics, and balanced handling to enhance teacher job satisfaction.

The twentieth article titled “Pupils’ Bullying at School Is Not Related to Child-Parent Relationship: Empirical Evidence from the Philippines” investigated the extent of bullying among sixth grade pupils at a public school in Negros Oriental, Philippines, and analyze whether or not bullying at school among pupils is related to child-parent relationship.

The twenty-first article titled “Factors Impacting Teachers’ Job Burnout in a Private University in Zhanjiang, China” aimed to explore the impact of factors such as teachers' background, social support, social-emotional ability, teacher-student relationships, emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment on teacher burnout at a private university in Zhanjiang, China.

The twenty-second article titled “Exploring College Students’ Satisfaction in Cloud-Based Electronic Learning in Chengdu, China” aimed to explore the factors impacting college students’ perceived usefulness, cognitive absorption, and satisfaction in cloud-based electronic learning in Chengdu, China.

The twenty-third article titled “Key Factors Influencing Male Undergraduate Students’ Behavioral Intentions Towards Mobile Library Platforms in Chengdu, China” aimed to examine the primary factors that influence the behavioral intention of male undergraduate students toward mobile library platforms (m-library) in private universities in Chengdu, China.

The twenty-fourth article titled “Predicting University Students’ Satisfaction and Continuance Intentions to Use AI-Powered Chatbots in Chengdu, China” aimed to investigate the determinants of university students' satisfaction and continuance intentions toward AI-powered chatbots in Chengdu, China.

The twenty-fifth article titled “Influential Factors Shaping the Behavioral Intention of Undergraduate Students towards Livestream Shopping in Chengdu, China” intended to investigate the factors influencing the choice of live shopping among students in Chengdu.

The twenty-sixth article titled “The Examination on Students’ Parasocial Interaction and Brand Preference to Use Video Application in New Developing Area of Chengdu, China” provided valuable insights for content creators, video platform developers, and marketers seeking to effectively engage with and target this demographic in Chengdu, China.

The twenty-seventh article titled “Influential Factors on English E-Learning Behavioral Intention and Usage Among Undergraduates at Chengdu University, Sichuan, China” investigated factors impacting the E-learning Behavioral Intention and Use behavior of undergraduates in non-English majors of Chengdu University who represent the undergraduates of Sichuan Province in China.

The twenty-eighth article titled “Factors Influencing American Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions and Use Behavior of Tourism Apps” investigated the factors influencing American tourists' behavioral intention and use behavior of tourism apps.

The twenty-ninth article titled “Factors Impacting E-Commerce Platform’s Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention in Chengdu, China” investigated the primary determinants that significantly influence individuals' satisfaction and intentions for repeat purchases in Chengdu, China.

The thirtieth article titled “The Assessment on Factors Impacting Small & Micro Corporate Clients’ Behavioral Intention and Use Behavior of Accounting Information System in Dazhou, China” delved into the determinants of behavioral intention and use behavior of small & micro corporate clients towards accounting information systems among enterprises in Dazhou, China.

The thirty-first article titled “Investigating the Impacts of Social Fitness Activities on Mental Health and Wellbeing of Undergraduate Students” examined the impact of social fitness activities on the mental health of undergraduate students.